Exceptions and exemptions under the ballast water management convention – Sustainable alternatives for ballast water management?
نویسندگان
چکیده
The International Convention for the Control and Management of Ships' Ballast Water Sediments (BWM Convention) aims to mitigate introduction risk harmful aquatic organisms pathogens (HAOP) via ships’ ballast water sediments. BWM has set regulations ships utilise exceptions exemptions from management under specific circumstances. This study evaluated local regional case studies provide clarity situations, where could be excepted or exempted without risking recipient locations new introductions HAOP. Ships may if all ballasting operations are conducted in same location (Regulation A-3.5 Convention). determined whether entire Vuosaari harbour (Helsinki, Finland) should considered as based on salinity composition HAOP between two terminals. revealed mismatching occurrences terminals, supporting recommendation that concept limited smallest feasible areas within a harbour. other granted using existing assessment (RA) methods (Joint Harmonised Procedure [JHP] Same Risk Area [SRA]), consistent with Regulation A-4 Convention. JHP method compares presence target species (TS) donor ports indicate (high low) attributed transferring unmanaged water. SRA uses biophysical model determine naturally disperse ports, regardless their transportation results Baltic Sea North-East Atlantic Ocean over 97% shipping routes these regions resulted high-risk indication. one route assessed Gulf Maine, North America also outcome. an overall weak connectivity St. Lawrence, indicating SRA-based exemption would not appropriate area. In summary, common alternatives management. availability recent detailed occurrence data was most important factor conduct successful reliable RA. models include biological factors influence larval dispersal recruitment potential (e.g., pelagic duration, settlement period) more realistic estimation natural dispersal.
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ژورنال
عنوان ژورنال: Journal of Environmental Management
سال: 2021
ISSN: ['0301-4797', '1095-8630']
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.112823